Concrete Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day

Solid Homes - Best Bet on a Windy Day At the point when tropical storms and hurricanes cry, the most serious threat to individuals and property is flying flotsam and jetsam. Conveyed at such extraordinary speed, a 2 x 4 bit of wood will turn into a rocket that can cut through dividers. At the point when an EF2 tornado traveled through focal Georgia in 2008, a load up from a shade was ripped off, took off over the road, and skewered itself profound into a contiguous strong solid divider. FEMA discloses to us this is a typical breeze related occasion and suggests the structure of safe rooms. Specialists at the National Wind Institute of Texas Tech University in Lubbock have discovered that solid dividers are sufficiently able to withstand flying flotsam and jetsam from tropical storms and tornadoes. As indicated by their discoveries, homes made of cement are considerably more tempest safe than houses developed of wood or even wood studs with steel plates. The consequences of these exploration examines are changing the manner in which we assemble. The Research Study The Debris Impact Facility at Texas Tech is notable for its pneumatic gun, a gadget equipped for propelling different materials of various sizes at various paces. The gun is in a research center, a controlled situation, To copy tropical storm like conditions in the lab, analysts shot divider areas with 15-pound 2 x 4 timber rockets at up to 100 mph, reproducing trash conveyed in a 250 mph wind. These conditions spread everything except the most serious tornadoes. Storm wind speeds are not exactly the rates displayed here. Rocket tests intended to show harm from tropical storms utilize a 9-pound rocket going around 34 mph. Scientists tried 4 x 4-foot segments of solid square, a few kinds of protecting solid structures, steel studs, and wood studs to rate execution in high breezes. The segments were done as they would be in a finished home: drywall, fiberglass protection, pressed wood sheathing, and outside completions of vinyl siding, mud block, or plaster. The entirety of the solid divider frameworks endure the tests with no basic harm. Lightweight steel and wood stud dividers, nonetheless, offered next to zero protection from the rocket. The 2 x 4 tore through them. Intertek, a business item and execution testing organization, has additionally done research with their own ordinance at Architectural Testing Inc. They call attention to that the security of a solid home can be beguiling if the house is worked with unreinforced solid square, which offers a few insurances yet not complete. Suggestions Strengthened solid homes have demonstrated their breeze opposition in the field during tornadoes, storms, and tropical storms. In Urbana, Illinois, a home built with protecting solid structures (ICFs) withstood a 1996 tornado with insignificant harm. In the Liberty City region of Miami, a few solid structure homes endure Hurricane Andrew in 1992. In the two cases, neighboring homes were decimated. In the fall of 2012, Hurricane Sandy blew separated the more seasoned wood development homes on the New Jersey coast, taking off alone the more current apartments worked with protecting solid structures. Solid vaults, which are made of cement and rebar in one piece, have demonstrated particularly solid. The durable solid development joined with the arch shape make these creative homes almost impenetrable to tornadoes, storms, and seismic tremors. Numerous individuals can't get over the appearance of these homes, in any case, albeit some valiant (and well off) mortgage holders are trying different things with progressively current structures. One such modern plan has a pressure driven lift to really move the structure beneath the ground before a tornado strikes. Scientists at Texas Tech University suggest that houses in tornado-inclined territories work in-living arrangement sanctuaries of either concrete orâ heavy measure sheet-metal. In contrast to tropical storms, tornadoes accompany small admonition, and fortified inside rooms can offer more wellbeing than an outside tempest cover. Other exhortation specialists offer is to structure your home with a hip rooftop rather than a peak rooftop, and everybody ought to useâ hurricane ties to keep the rooftop on and the lumbers straight. Cement and Climate Change - More Research To make solid, you need concrete, and its notable that the assembling of concrete discharges extraordinary measures of carbon dioxide into the air during the warming procedure. The structure exchange is probably the biggest supporter of environmental change, and concrete creators and the individuals who buy their item are the absolute biggest supporters of what we know to be ozone harming substance contamination. Examination on new creation strategies will no uncertainty be met with opposition from a preservationist industry, yet sooner or later buyers and governments will make new procedures moderate and essential. One organization attempting to discover arrangements is Calera Corporation of California. They have concentrated on reusing CO2 discharges into the creation of a calcium carbonate concrete. Their procedure utilizes the science found in nature - what framed the White Cliffs of Dover and the shells of marine living beings? Analyst David Stone inadvertently found an iron carbonate-based solid when he was an alumni understudy at the University of Arizona. IronKast Technologies, LLC is commercializing Ferock and Ferrocrete, produced using steel dust and reused glass. Ultra-superior cement (UHPC) known as Ductalâ ® has been utilized effectively by Frank Gehry in the Louis Vuitton Foundation Museum in Paris and by draftsmen Herzog de Meuron in the Pã ©rez Art Museum Miami (PAMM). The solid, dainty cement is costly, yet its a smart thought to watch what the Pritzker Laureate modelers are utilizing, as they are regularly the principal experimenters. Colleges and government elements keep on being the hatcheries for new materials, investigating and building composites with various properties and better arrangements. What's more, its not simply concreteâ -the U.S. Maritime Research Laboratory has imagined a glass substitute, a straightforward, extreme as-defensive layer fired called spinel (MgAl2O4). Scientists at MITs Concrete Sustainability Hub are additionally focusing their consideration on concrete and its microtextureâ -just as the cost-adequacy of these new and costly items. Why You Might Want to Hire an Architect Building a home to withstand natures rage is certifiably not a basic undertaking. The procedure is neither a development nor plan issue alone. Custom manufacturers can spend significant time in protected cement rorms (ICF), and even give their final results safe-sounding names like Tornado Guard, however modelers can plan excellent structures with proof based material determinations for developers to utilize. Two inquiries to pose in the event that you are not working with a planner are 1. Does the development organization have planners on staff? furthermore, 2. Has the organization monetarily supported any of the examination testing? The expert field of engineering is more than portrayals and floor plans. Texas Tech University even offers a Ph.D. in Wind Science and Engineering. Sources Inline photograph connection of Georgia tornado by Mike Moore/FEMA PhotoStorm Shelter Research and Storm Shelter FAQs, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University [accessed November 20, 2017]A synopsis report on Debris Impact Testing at Texas Tech University, Prepared by Wind Science and Engineering Research Center, June 2003, PDF at https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/DIF_reports.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Guidance for Wind Resistant Residential Design, Construction Mitigation, Larry J. Leather treater, P.E., NWI Research Assistant Professor, Debris Impact Facility, National Wind Institute, Texas Tech University, PDF at depts.ttu.edu/nwi/research/DebrisImpact/Reports/GuidanceforWindResistantResidentialDesign.pdf [accessed November 20, 2017]Hurricane-Proof Construction Methods Can Prevent the Destruction of Communities, Zach Mortice, Redshift via AutoDesk, November 9, 2017, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/typhoon evidence development strategies can -spare structures networks/[accessed November 20, 2017]

Teen Pregnancy its Prevalence and Alternatives Free Essays

Zarrilli referenced that â€Å"Although researchers differ on a definition, we may characterize ‘popular’ theater as stage amusement that interests to cross class crowds in complex social orders through business implies. † (Zarrilli et al, Theater Histories, 2006, pg 311) In this setting it could be expressed that an auditorium is where the entertainer and on-screen character play out their characters as per the executive content is composed. Be that as it may, the following up on the stage and particularly before the crowd is more troublesome instead of performing on the back stage. We will compose a custom article test on High schooler Pregnancy: its Prevalence and Alternatives or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now There is entire part of contrast between an ordinary theater and a well known theater on the grounds that as opposed to the way of life copy and mirror it likewise shows contradiction for the observers with not a solitary inquiry to reply but rather really gives a reflection to the crowd to discover the appropriate response. Well known auditorium is not at all like that, what we see on TV or theater, where the entertainer and on-screen character are playing out a perfect work of art, yet here it is just to perform and understand the circumstance of the content and assume a phase job in an exceptionally basic way so everybody can comprehend. Notwithstanding, in this setting it is pertinent to make reference to that acting, people show, celebrations, schedule festivities, for example, Christmas, Easter, the reap celebration and Halloween, jamborees, comedians, unscripted television as instances of mainstream theater. Conversation While putting a job before a watcher well known performance center should recount to a story and furthermore carry a worry to the network around the issue. The substance ought to be a possible one and it ought to be a performance center as a â€Å"rehearsal of life† with the goal that the guests can conquer the feelings of trepidation of mind and can construct an independence among them selves. The demonstration ought to be serious, so the crowd gets support and they ought to have the thoughts decisively as a top priority. Therefore from this view point occasions like acting, people dramatization, celebrations, schedule festivities, for example, Christmas, Easter, the gather celebration and Halloween, jubilees, comedians, unscripted television well mixes into the boundary of mainstream theater. Presently, for the introduction it requires some time and with the picked type of correspondence it tends to be done rapidly and without any problem. At times the nearby individuals complete the costs making the creation cost low. Another significant piece of well known auditorium is to sort out a not many individuals who have an awesome comprehension among themselves with the goal that they can settle on their own choices and take an interest to accomplish the work. (Berkowitz, 189) A delineation of a contextual investigation would help in this unique circumstance. Take for instance ‘Kissa Kursi Ka’ (Trans: Tale of Throne), Directed by previous parliamentarian Amrit Nahata, that started as a people dramatization, was a disputable Indian play. The plot rotated around a degenerate and underhandedness legislator, Utpal Dutt, attempting to charm embodied open, Shabana Azmi. It discussed underhanded lawmakers pursuing the clerical seat to do everything without exception to get the supposed service seat and at last shows that all legislators are of same character, leaving a question mark on the watchers about the characters of the lawmakers administering the nation. This is the thing that people dramatization does. It uncovers the open estimation on various issues. For this situation it was political parody. (Dos, 177) Now comes the presentation part. It is totally a craftsmanship, where the craftsman needs to collaborate with observers by implication. Before they come before them they need plentiful practice to perform in front of an audience with excellent good judgment. To make it complete, the craftsman ought to have fitting make up, discourse, to pass on the message with appropriate aptitudes of non verbal correspondence. Some of the time the connection with crowd can be immediate, it turns into a testing time for the artist’s sound judgment, as various crowd can carry on impassively. So society specialists of a people dramatization need to work as per it. In an ordinary auditorium the craftsman play out their job expertly in light of the fact that it is their meat and potatoes for them, so they need to perform calm certainly with the goal that the following request or roll doesn't stop away from them. In this manner they need to work genuinely on that presentation demonstration. In any case, in the famous auditorium, for example, society show the craftsman assumes a job with no strain on the stage and they do well than the expert individuals. This just happens in light of the fact that they imagine that they are working for the general public or for the network to develop mindfulness among the individuals, with the goal that they don't endure a short time later in the later piece of the life. Here we can see that the typical theater craftsman play out their obligations for their occupation, though the well known theater craftsman accomplishes their work for the advancement of the general public. For instance, in India our legislature has showed a drive to get rid of disgrace around AIDS. While propelling this kind of government assistance needs, the legislature has found a way to pass on the message to the individuals of India. One is by giving attention to the resident by the assistance of TV. (Outskirt, 227-228) This kind of little notice programs are secured by mainstream craftsman, so the admirers of the craftsman gets more pulled in to the message of the promotion, which had been passed on to them and they ought to follow that message from that specific day and furthermore talk about the issue with others. With that specific theme, the administration additionally dispatches little projects, similar to road plays, with the nearby individuals who remain in the towns and play out the job, where the attention to the promotion had not reach. Here well known auditorium has its influence. It requires some investment and bother for the entertainers to accomplish the work, yet it will be certain that the message will be reach to every single family, which is significantly more powerful than the ordinary theater. These sorts of well known venue are directed by the craftsman as per the town convention, culture and language which can give a progressively beneficial outcome on the psyches of the crowd. Craftsman faces numerous issues around here. Cost is a primary factor, where the majority of the cash originates from the legislature, where the rest must be gathered from the government assistance trustees, who give for the advancement of the individuals. For each practice the craftsmen had a few costs for make ups, dress, food, dwelling, this little cost looks progressively obvious when the craftsman is performing for quit along time. As the assets are extremely restricted it likewise cartons a negative effect while playing out a job. For that the insiders and the untouchables need to talk uninhibitedly and transparently with the specific issue and with the assistance of the encounters they need to explain it. The greater part of the individuals start with his own understanding and later notification or study the experience of other craftsman. (Deb, 323) The investigation part is done between entertainers, facilitators, artists and even between the insiders and the outcasts. In this kind of examination the issue data is analyzed in three settings, that is practical social or political. This issue ought to quickly expose and the issue needed to illuminate immediately with the goal that the exhibition shows signs of improvement. In a well known theater, one most significant point must be notice that is to change over the significant issues into amusement and that specific diversion can be as arrangement of work shops, or a play. This kind of specific organized diversion or exercises should be possible by requesting that individuals assume the job of a gathering or network new to them and afterward have the inclination and mirror the experience. Along these lines it is sure that well known venue like acting, society dramatization, celebrations, schedule festivities, for example, Christmas, Easter, the gather celebration and Halloween, fairs, jokesters, unscripted television work exceptionally with regards to mass amusement. (Dev, 78-81) Conclusion When the craftsman take on new jobs they are compelled to learn and discover new sentiments and experience followed by innovative considerations. Feelings of new idea should be possible by consolidating the thoughts into the subject. Here training happens and the following significant stage â€Å"rehearsal for life†, which additionally gives a chance of another discernment. The supporter or crowd are said to break down or goals of an issue or leave the phase with an inciting question in the brain of the crowd so they can independently examine and survey the way of life and work as indicated by the political situation. By settling this kind of logical inconsistency the dramatization arrive at another stage and it goes to another contradiction thus the procedure gets persistent. (Dos, 441-442) Bibliography: Zarrilli, Phillip B. McConachie, Bruce A Williams, Gary Jay and Sorgenfrei, Carol Fisher. Theater Histories: An Introduction. New York and London: Routledge, 2006 Berkowitz, L; Theater and Man; New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 2006 Border, S; Act I: Fire of the Mind; Wellington: National Book Trust; 2006 Deb, J; Introduction to Russian Acting: Stage for Mankind; Dunedin: ABP Ltd. 2005 Dell, S; Evaluation of UK Stage; Dunedin: ABP Ltd. 2006 Dos, M; Future of Thought Process in Theater History; Christchurch: Alliance Publications; 2005 Step by step instructions to refer to Teen Pregnancy: its Prevalence and Alternatives, Papers

Shakespere Outdated free essay sample

Shakespeare’s adaptation of the tale of Macbeth is obsolete in present day society since one of the significant subjects, that every single shrewdness deed are rebuffed and that every great deed are compensated, is not, at this point valid in today’s society. Macbeth’s topic is obsolete in light of the fact that in the advanced society not every single wrongdoer are rebuffed for their activities and not every great activity are remunerated, either. The subject of the sufficient ramifications for one’s activities runs all through Shakespeare’s Macbeth, guaranteeing the right disciplines for Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, yet in addition remunerating MacDuff and Malcolm for their bold activities against Macbeth. The subject is obvious when Angus says, â€Å"Now does he feel/His mystery murders staying on his hands/Now minutely revolts castigate his confidence breach† (5. 2. 6-18), implying that Macbeth is presently feeling regret and blame for his activities and that the adversary will rebuff him for his insidious activities against Duncan and Banquo. We will compose a custom article test on Shakespere Outdated or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In current society few out of every odd scoundrel is rebuffed or feels regret for their activities, particularly when they have control or have fixed an issue. In our general public individuals can pull off a wrongdoing and only one out of every odd great activity is compensated, though in Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are rebuffed by blame and in the long run demise. Our general public even can grant scalawags and rebuff the great individuals. Our general public permits fetus removal, which in its temperament is intrinsically shrewd, however our general public doesn’t rebuff it, in certainty the general public has fifteen expresses that subsidize premature births. Indeed, even in our general public when somebody accomplishes something like Ryan Snodgrass, a twenty-multi year old guide who bounced into a stream to spare a multi year old who was suffocating, and afterward was later accused of impeding government activities and captured, they can be rebuffed for their activities, dissimilar to in Macbeth where each activity has the right outcomes. Shakespeare’s plays can be viewed as obsolete in today’s society since one of its subjects of all activities having results, yet it isn't a similar case in cutting edge society, it can really be viewed as totally different. Shakespeare might be viewed as immortal by the way that his plays and poems are excellent and brimming with symbolism and a decent plot line, yet the end message is obsolete and can be viewed as ‘cheesy’ on the grounds that the general public scarcely ever works that way any longer.

Economic Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources

Financial Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources Financial Impacts of Climate Change in the Mountain Regions: Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Conceptual When we think about the mountains we for the most part think about the mountains themselves and not the effect they make on the region beneath them. The motivation behind this examination is to survey effects of environmental change at a worldwide scale on the mountains and the mountains’ water gracefully. This paper additionally audits major natural/biological, social, and financial issues confronting us. The travel industry will endure in light of it. The investigation presumes that environmental change will acquire insecurity on worldwide scale with conceivable water clashes and diminishing financial improvements particularly in creating nations. This will bring expanded individuals relocation into the territories very little affected by water gracefully issues and will build social and political flimsiness in those zones. Keywords:relative water yield (RWY), â€Å"water towers†, â€Å"river piracy† Presentation It is evaluated that out of 7.382 billion individuals on the planet today (U.S. Statistics, 2017), about 11% of the world’s populace live in the mountain districts (Kohler et al, 2014). The mountains give water to billions of individuals. The mountains are â€Å"water towers† of the world. They spread 25% of the world’s land surface and over half the world’s populace relies upon water that starts in the mountains (Viviroli et each of the, 2006). By correlation in 2015 we utilized under 1% of new water. That water is made in in excess of 18,000 desalination plants. The water desalination creation expanded by 67% from 2008 (Thomas Sumner et each of the, 2016). The water from mountains is utilized for drinking, household use, water system, hydropower, transportation, the travel industry purposes and numerous different businesses. Environmental change in the mountains is acquiring a capricious winters. Winters with insignificant day off day off inclusion which goes on for just a brief timeframe are the winters of today (J. Dawson et each of the, 2009). Atmosphere change in the mountains will bring expanded risks and losses, for example, fires, floods, torrential slides, avalanches, desertification, and mountain disintegration. It will change the precipitation and storm designs which will bring demolition and monetary vulnerability to numerous locales. Environmental change will increment people’s relocation and will bring infections not known in the region. The chance of clashes and even war may likewise increment. Water as a wellspring of harmony and financial turn of events Mountains as water source far and wide Atmosphere change may have crushed result particularly for semi-parched and bone-dry territories which will be influenced by less water originating from the mountains. The mountains help to disseminate up 95% of water to these zones. In damp regions mountains’ dissemination of water is up to 60%. (Swiss Agency et every one of the, 1998). Figure 1 beneath shows mountain water run off the world over. Figure 1: Disproportionality of mountain spillover arrangement comparative with normal swamp overflow (RWY), mapped cell by cell for hilly regions. Disproportionality for overflow is given when RWY is more noteworthy than 1, its significance being set apart for RWY > 2 and basic for RWY > 5 (Viviroli et al, 2007). As can be found in Figure 1, the most significant water mountain sources are districts in the Middle East, South and focal Africa, Asia, Rocky Mountains in the U.S. what's more, the Andes. In the Figure 1, we can see that relative water spillover is significant for the lower regions in the territories of where RWY is higher than 1<. It is very significant where RWY is higher than 2< (2light red). The water overflow is basic where RWY is higher than 5< (2 dull reds). Himalayan Keeps up alone flexibly water to more than 2 billion individuals in China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia (VOA, 2015). Mountains in Africa are as significant as Himalayan Mountains in Asia in that they give the water hotspot for cultivating for many individuals and incorporate numerous African biological systems, for example, woodlands, meadows, drylands, waterways and wetlands. Without these mountains Africa would not be Africa we know (Mountain Partnership et all). The Nile River is significant water source in Northern Africa. Its waters is the essential water wellspring of Egypt and Sudan. It is the longest waterway on the planet. The Rwenzori Mountains and the Ethiopian Highlands are the most changeless wellspring of the tributaries of River Nile (Unesco, 2017). Around 250 million individuals in 11 nations rely upon the waters from the Nile (Salman et each of the, 2016). Previous UN Secretary General said once that, â€Å"The next war in our district will be over the waters of the Nile, not over politics†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Boutros Boutros-Ghali, previous remote pastor of Egypt and previous UN Secretary General. (Cited in: International Fresh Water Resources, 1997) Figure 2: The guide shows all the land zones which are associated and gracefully water by mountains in Africa (Mountain Partnership et all). Results and assessment of vanishing mountains’ sourced waterâ About 5,500 icy masses in the Himalayan area could vanish or diminish their water content volume by 70%-99% by 2100. That would be obliterating for the individuals utilizing the water assets in the zone (J. M. Shea et al, 2015). The study done by Dr Joseph Shea gauges changes in ice volume in Himalayan Mountains dependent on two outflows situations. These two emanation situations are endorsed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). RCP 4.5, appears emanations balanced out by 2050s, and RCP 8.5, is where the most noteworthy emanations adjusted by IPCC are utilized. In the Figure 2 blue lines (RCP 4.5) and red lines (RCP 8.5). Utilizing the most noteworthy outflow situation gives us decline in ice volume by practically 100%. The model in Figure 3 shows conceivable complete liquefy down of all ice sheets by 2100. This situation may be copied in other mountain districts with crushed results for cultivating and different businesses which need water or snow to endure. Figure 3: Projected loss of ice sheet volume through the 21st century for RCP4.5 (blue lines) and RCP8.5 (red lines) outflows situations. Flimsy lines show singular model outcomes and striking lines show normal over all models. Source: Shea et al. (2015). In Tibet individuals would already be able to see large changes. One Tibetan returning after 30 a long time to Lhasa stated, â€Å"When I lived in Lhasa, it was exceptionally uncommon that individuals could stroll outside in T-shirts,† and â€Å"Now individuals are strolling in shorts!† (Dorje et every one of the, 2015). This water source is presently providing water to 2 billion individuals and by 2050 that may increment to 2.7 billion. An examination led in 2014 shows that most rivers’ water stream will increment till 2050. This is because of liquefying ice sheets yet then the water stream is anticipated to orders. It is significant for all the specialists furthermore, the legislatures to take a shot at water approaches to ensure that there will be enough water hotspots for the developing populace later on (Arthur Lutz et every one of the, 2014). South Asia, particularly Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, India and Nepal may get a few help from the storms. Studies done on subject show numerous situations. A few considers foresee that environmental alter may modify the course of the storms. The downpour may fall over the ocean. Some show that the storms will expand the measure of downpour and start impossible floods. Different investigations anticipate less downpour. Whatever it will be, things will change for the neighborhood populace for the more regrettable. In South America environmental change is changing Andes mountains condition. Mountain biological systems there, known as â€Å"pã ¡ramos† help to give clean water and secure the marsh against flooding. These frameworks are situated at 11,000 feet or increasingly above ocean level. These biological system have plants called espletia. These plants can hold a ton of water, a few times their weight (Autumn Spanne et every one of the, 2012). The atmosphere change expanded the temperature and the dampness in the mountains and now environment can’t handle it any longer. On March 31, 2017, flooding and landslides from the mountains slaughtered 254 individuals in the city of Mocoa. City of Mocoa is found at rise of 2002.08 feet (Jaime Saldarriaga et each of the, 2017). Ice sheets in the mountain districts The greater part of the ice sheets are dissolving. We can see that on the photographs in the Figure 4 and Figure 5 (Burkhart, P et each of the, 2016). Figure 4: Columbia Glacier, Alaska, has withdrawn by 6.5 km (4 miles) between 2009 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) Figure 5: Stein Glacier, Switzerland, has withdrawn by 550 m (1,800 ft) between 2006 (left) and 2015 (right) (Credit: James Balog and the Extreme Ice Survey) The ice sheets; liquefying increment the ocean level ascent as well as a huge number of individuals are provided with water from it. These photographs show obviously how things can rapidly change (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The loss of ice sheets isn't as it were loss of water source however it is lost ecological chronicles. Researchers use glacier’s to examine snow which has amassed into layers in the icy mass (Burkhart, P et every one of the, 2016). The first â€Å"river piracy† case was in 2016. Waterway robbery is when stream changes the course. It is occupied starting with one stream bed then onto the next. The investigation in 2016 shows that stream has change its course from northward to southward (Shugar. D et all, 2016). Figure 6 shows that change. It is a direct result of liquefying and withdrawing icy mass. Figure 6: Guardian realistic | Source: Nature Geoscience The travel industry †Ecotourism U.S. the travel industry brings $12.2 billion during winter. It likewise utilizes 211,900 individuals throughout the winter season. National Ski Areas Association expressed that in 2009-10 ski season, 88 % of resorts needed to utilize fake

Raymond’s Run

Tort Cede Bombard Is an endearing tale about a little youngster named Hazel and her younger sibling with uncommon requirements. She understands that despite the fact that her triumph is an inconceivable accomplishment, there are things of substantially more Importance than winning the 50-yard run on Held Day. As I would like to think, Hazel encounters a transitioning second when she sees her more youthful sibling running close by her from the opposite side of the fence, during her mark race.In that Instant she makes It her objective to mentor Raymond to follow meet fame; she understands that welling implies more to him than Just another lace added to her assortment. â€Å"After all, Eve got a roomful of strips and decorations and grants. Yet, what has Raymond got the opportunity to consider his own? † This statement represents the way that Hazel is becoming worn out on taking all the brilliance and she is beginning to perceive Raymond potential. Hazel can utilize her running g ifts to help improve her sibling's running.In Hazel's eyes it would be more inefficacy for her to utilize her abilities to mentor her sibling. Aiding Raymond increment his certainty and running capacity would bring enduring satisfaction into Hazel's life. â€Å"I'm lumping all over so happy to see him-my sibling Raymond, an extraordinary sprinter in the family convention. † Finally, Hazel discovers that game isn't just about rivalry yet in addition sets up companionships and makes character. Before the finish of the story, Hazel has a difference in heart and opens up to the possibility of Gretchen her opposition, being her reined.The quote toward the end is an ideal portrayal of how game can bring two totally various individuals together by discovering something in like manner, â€Å"And she gestures to salute me and afterward grins. What's more, I grin. We remain with this large grin of regard between us. Furthermore, it's genuine. † Raymond Run is an incredible story that instructs us that game goes past the part of winning. From that solitary track and field competition meet, Hazel figures out how to utilize her gifts to profit others, regard and fortitude.

Murals of Senior Haus

Murals of Senior Haus Last Friday night at around 2 am I finally got around to visiting the Murals of Senior Haus exhibit in the Wiesner Student Art Gallery in the second floor of the student center. This exhibit was put together by former residents and friends of the Haus (Paula C. 12, Tara E.14, Ru M. 17, Sabrina M. 19, and  Anna B.), which was officially closed to undergraduates in July of 2017. The circumstances surrounding the closure were featured in various news outlets as well as on the blogs (see Joon, me, Sabrina, Allan). Residents and alumni were concerned about the future of the hundreds of murals that decorated the walls of the oldest dorm on campus, so a dedicated group of sympathizers spent summer days photographing the inside of the building in an effort to preserve the years of artwork. Interspersed among the murals are artifacts of the dorms long historyphotographs dating back to 1916, Sport Death memorabilia, old yearbooks. It would almost feel like a museum exhibit if I didnt recognize some of the faces in the pictures. As is MIT tradition, the exhibit was supplemented by a virtual tour of the dorm. x This was a particularly shocking corner for me. I used to walk along Memorial Drive to the Kendall T stop a lot (back in my PNR daze) and this sign was one of my favorite things to pass. I often thought about how long that green metal had been out there; how many people had seen it before me? And yet here it is, detached from its home of decades. x In this corner of the exhibit, past i3 videos (and various other videos produced by Haus residents) played on a loop. x A more complete repository of the murals (including ones not featured in this exhibit) can be found  here. This whole experience was very well put together, and I recommend you read more about it. This community is an important part of what makes MIT unique, and its disappointing (to me, at the very least) how things were handled last summer. However, it is important to recognize that this community did not suddenly die with the closure of its home base. I still see people in their Lambda Sigma Delta shirts on a daily basis. The 2021s talk about it with us. Steer Roast lives on (albeit in a less Institvte-involved way). My favorite response has been Henry Jenkinss Memories of Senior House series (1, 2, 3) on his personal blog. The former head of house really shines a light on what made Senior Haus something to write home about the people. This ordeal has made me appreciate more the memories that I make with other people here, despite the initial shock and sadness of loss. Post Tagged #Senior Haus #Senior House

Kate Chopin Essay - 275 Words

Kate Chopin (Essay Sample) Content: Author:Course Title:Instructor:Date of Submission: The Story of an Hour by Kate ChopinWhile reflecting their role in the society during the twentieth century, many women in the literature domain are usually depicted as subordinate to their husbands and to the society in general. They are often portrayed at a level that is not only inferior to men, but also dominated by them. Regardless of whether they were dealing with their careers or spouses, these women in literature appear as mere characters in a male-dominated world. A critical analysis of the story presents the reader with a clear view of Mrs. Mallard as the protagonist searches for her own identity and freedom soon after her husbands death. Mrs. Mallards case presents a classical example of how the feminist character triumphs over the traditional view of marriage setting in a male dominated society. The author allows the reader to follow the protagonist by getting into her mind, feelings, thoughts and emotions. This is accomplished through the adoption of a stylistic approach through which the author creates a connection between responses of literary criticism and the findings of linguistic analysis.It is plausible that different images have been employed to present the inner conflict in Mrs. Mallard as well as the gradual recovery that she finally undergoes. The author is categorical that what the protagonist desires following her husbands death is free, free, free! She vividly thinks about the coming days as all sorts of days that would be her own. This can only be achieved if she manages to get the freedom that she has desired for long. However, she only lives in this fantasy for just one hour as her husband is suddenly back. Following his re-surfacing, Louise suffers a heart attack that ostensibly kills her. According to all other characters that surrounded her, Mrs. Mallard succumbed to heart disease, of the joy that kills. This is a precise instance that illustrates how Chopin make s excellent use of irony to drive her point home. The end has happened in the most unexpected way. The rest of the characters expect her death to be the result of receiving the sad news regarding her husbands death. However, she has died because she has been denied of her freedom and the beautiful dreams.As a constant image in the story, the plantation home represents the image of domesticity that demonstrates Chopins desire for the liberation of women who have been trapped in their private sphere. She dreams of the day when these women in the society will be able to air their voices. And portray their fears and delusions in this patriarchal society. Her echoes are elaborated further by Alison Kemper who states that many feminine activists felt that women ought to be set above, yet apart from, such a world. It is notable that the protagonist is reeling under the heavy burden of abuse and neglect by her husband. It is this mistreatment that precipitates her downward spiral into menta l anguish. The author implies that it is not beneficial in any way for the women to remain in such states of naivety and stay on the receiving end of the abuse. She is categorical that women must devise ways that will free them from these depressing marriages that they had earlier mistaken as havens of love, care and happiness. As the women become emotionally and chemically imbalanced, they lose control of their steady mind frames and they slide into states of false perceptions. Kate Chopin is assertive that women have the ability to initiate change and regain confidence and self-control. Mrs. Mallard movements in the house resemble social implications that impart a woman upon the death of her husband. Her husband is the only obstacle to her desired way of living. When alone in the bedroom, she has the chance to do what she wan...

Book Review of The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People

The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People Tuesdays with Morrie: Personal Change and Lifes Great Lessons Stephen Covey talks about seven habits that one can practice in order to achieve both personal and professional success in The 7Habits of Highly Effective People (1989). He defines these habits as the intersection of knowledge, skill and desire. Covey sees the development of these habits as part of an entities progress on a maturity continuum from dependence to independence to interdependence (Covey, p. 49). As a part of this journey Covey asserts that there are principles that govern human effectiveness, natural laws that cannot be broken. One of these principles is that one must grow and change, not only physically, but emotionally, in relationships, and in character. Covey also points out that many times the way we see the problem is the problem (p. 40). Often one is looking externally for solutions that can only be found within. The seven habits Covey advances are designed to affect a principle centered, character based, inside out approach to personal and interpersonal effective ness. Mitch Albom, in his book Tuesdays With Morrie (1997) explores some of these same issues of personal growth in the context of lessons learned from conversations with his favorite college professor, Morrie Schwartz, who is terminally ill, afflicted with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscleShow MoreRelated7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Book Review)4230 Words   |  17 PagesHabit 1: Be Proactive According to Stephen Covey, the unique trait that we, people, are separated from animals is the ability to think about our very thought process or what we call, â€Å"self-awareness†. In the social mirror, it was stated that seeing our own selves is like facing the crazy mirror room in the carnival. 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In qualifying theRead MoreSelf Assessment Of Leadership Practices1019 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom my Seven Habits Profile, evaluate my strength and weaknesses and adopt leadership theories that will help guide my self-evaluation. In addition, I will analyze proven theories that will help me address skills, weaknesses, and behaviors in my leadership skills. These theories-based changes will help form and guide my set of SMART goals. I will draft a plan for success in my journey towards becoming a great leader. Reflection on Seven Habits Profile and Findings The Seven Habits Profile is a toolRead MoreEssay on Individual Development Plan986 Words   |  4 PagesAugust 7, 2001 Individual Development Plan Each individual is just that: individual. We all have our strengths and weakness. Life is about exploring and improving on those. Growth never ends. It is expanding our minds and attitudes to make life happy and peaceful. My development depends what I do to accomplish my life goals. My carrier path will depend on how I can grow and develop in my field and management capabilities. I like to think I have many strengths. After review of my character/Read MoreMethods And Methods Of Time Management1689 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Time is money† if we use the time correctly all the things will complete on time. For this Time Management is very important. For the proper use of time requires aim, priorities, amount of time to the activity, planning scheduling. The effective time management is analyzing how currently spend time and deciding how you want to change how you spend your time. Time is managed properly, nothing worthwhile can be accomplished. Time is a unique resource. It is intangible, irreplaceable, irretrievable

Race, Ethnicity, And Ethnicity - 1838 Words

Most people in our society believe the common misconception that race and ethnicity are synonymous. Race and ethnicity are related, but are not equivalent. Race by definition means â€Å"a socially constructed category of people who share a biologically transmitted trait that members of society consider important† (Macionis 296). Ethnicity by definition means â€Å"a shared cultural heritage† (Macionis 298). In shorter terms, race is social physical appearance, while ethnicity is the cultural aspect. Social conflation of these two terms is important to me because society often mistakes ethnicity and race for the other or just considers it as one. This is relevant to me because I have dealt with this issue has come up quite a few times in my life. Racially and socially, I appear to be a â€Å"White† or â€Å"Caucasian† female, but ethnically I am Mexican and this is relevant because of the confusion between Race and Ethnicity people do not understand or are confused. People usually are a bit confused or shocked when they hear this. Their response is always somewhere along the lines of â€Å"You can’t be Mexican. You’re white.† or â€Å"But you’re white.† I may not â€Å"look† Mexican because I do not have dark hair or skin, but I am Mexican: my mother is from Mexico, and we visit when we get the opportunity, which is maybe once every year. I am familiar with the Mexican culture and I am able to speak somewhat decent Spanish. Most of American and Mexican society (possibly other societies but I have not had manyShow MoreRelatedRace, Ethnicity And Ethnicity917 Words   |  4 Pageswould like to discuss the issue of race and ethnicity in sports. We will also explore the bigger questions. How much does race and ethnicity matter in the sports world? Are certain races dominant in certain sports? Is there a difference in how we treat players based on race and ethnicity? Does it matter? 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Art and film have played vital roles in advocating for a society free of ethnicity and racism. Using vivid descriptions and evidence of both text and a movie this paper seeks to relate accordingly the concerned issues and factors affecting these social vices. It will demonstrate race and ethnic tendencies in diverse cultural contexts. As a demographic phenomenon, ethnicity is belonging

Islamic Banking And The Islamic Loan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 24 Words: 7163 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? In order to have better understanding towards this research, in this chapter I will describe the development of Islamic Loan in Malaysia, and discuss about the different between theories and practical of Islamic Loan. At the same time, this chapter will preferably describe in details regards on Islamic Loan. This research is to study the effectiveness of Islamic Loan consumers within in Malaysia. Equally, the purpose of this research will be discussed in this chapter. Introduction research background In the past few decades, Muslim countries have experienced considerable economic growth. The markets of these countries, spanning from North Africa to Southeast Asia, are expanding at a rapid pace and are gradually evolving into important international economic centers. The expansion and sophistication of the Islamic markets, as well as the increasing demand for Islamic financial products by borrowers and investors, have spurred a movement toward Islamization of various aspects of the economic activities in these markets. Hence, this movement has resulted in the creation of an Islamic financial market alongside conventional financial markets. The concepts of modern Islamic banking start in the mid of 1940s, Model for Islamic banking is in the mid of 1950s. In 1960s, the details of the concepts for interest-free banking and comprehensive of Islamic banking established. In addition, during 1960s, the political environment of almost all the Muslim countries was hardly favorable for a change in the banking and finance entire system. So, the first establishment of Islamic banking was in Mit Ghamr, Egypt in 1963. The model for the first Islamic banking was the German Savings bank modified to comply with the Islamic principles, but the charter of the Bank did not refer to Shariah Law. In 1973, the second Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers adopted a document on the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Institution of an Islamic Bank, Economics and Islamic Doctrinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Besides that, The Islamic Development Bank named as (IDB) was established after the second Islamic Conference. The purpose of IDB is to help the economic development and the social progress of the member countries and Muslims communities individually accord with the principles of Syariah Law. Apart from that, IDB helped to establish a number of Islamic banks in the member countries. During that year, the Islamic banks have been establish which include: Dubai Islamic Bank in 1975, Faisal Islamic Banks of Sudan in 1977, Faisal Islamic Egyptian Bank and Islamic Bank of Jordan in 1978, Islamic Bank of Bahrain in 1979, The International Islamic Bank of Investment and Development, Luxembourg in 1980 and BIMB in 1983. Until today, there are more than hundred financial institutions which apply to operate on an interest-free basis in 34 countries. In 1983, after enacting of the Islamic Banking Act (IBA) of Malaysia, the first Islamic bank in Malaysia was establish which named as Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB). BIMB start with a RM 100 million of paid up capital and RM 500 million as an authorized capital to carrying out its activities on an interest-free basis with a permit of IBA. According to the newspaper New Straight Times on 6th July 1982, the Finance Minister, Tengku Razaleigh described the Islamic Bank as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“First step in the governmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s efforts to instill Islamic values into the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic and financial systems as a r eplacement for the current Western-base economic systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. In 1993, the commercial banks, merchant banks and finance companies in Malaysia began to offer Islamic banking products and services under the Islamic Banking Scheme (IBS Banks). All the IBS banks should separate their Islamic business activities fund from the conventional business activities. They shall not mixed up both business activities and operate the business activities together. They should operate the business activities separately as well as two companies which is not related at all. The main different between conventional banks and Islamic banks is that Islamic banks is based on Shariah Law which conventional bank do not. So, all the transaction, dealings, investment, product features and business approach of Islamic banks are derived from the Shariah Law. This will make significant different in many part of operations with the comparison to conventional banks. Islamic banks use Syariah Law princip les to governing of their businesses activities. For example, the principles are as below: The absence of interest-based transactions (riba). The avoidance of economic activities involving oppression (zulm). The introduction of an Islamic tax (zakat). The avoidance of economic activities involving speculation (gharar). The discouragement of the production of goods and services which contradict the Islamic value (haram). Besides that, the relationship between the banks and the customers is different for conventional banks and Islamic banks. Conventional banks are based on the debtor and creditor relationship between the depositors or borrowers and the banks respectively. The price of credit is the interest which reflecting the opportunity cost of money. Based on Syariah Law first principle (2:279) stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“deal not unjustly and shall not be dealt with unjustlyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which have explained the Islamic banks is not based on the debtor-creditor r elationship. In Islamic banking systems, the creditor should not take any advantage of the borrowers and the loan to be given or taken by the borrowers is free of charge and to meet any contingency. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Islamic Banking And The Islamic Loan" essay for you Create order Background of the Islamic Loan Many conventional banks in Malaysia have Islamic banking system such as Maybank Islamic Banking, CIMB Islamic Banking and so on. And provide to their customers a variety of Islamic Banking services. Therefore, in order to form a basis for current study, literatures regarding to service quality of Islamic Loan and customer satisfaction are reviewed to further uphold the research title which is the effectiveness of the Islamic Loan. Islamic Loan also named as Islamic financing. Islamic banks is different from conventional banks because Islamic banks is followed Syariah Law which the conventional banks do not have. The law that known as Syariah Law is complies by the world Islamic banks not only Islamic banks in Malaysia. It is an international law that must be followed by all the Islamic banks. In Syariah Law, it has few common terminologies in it. For example, Wadiah which allows the safe of the deposits in the banks and when the depositor demands for it, the banks must refund to the depositors. Hibah is the gift which means the borrowers give a token of appreciation after loan or benefit obtained in return. Besides that, it has Qardrul Hassan for benevolent loan, Mudharabah for profit sharing, Murabahah for cost plus, Musyarakah joint venture, Ijaran Thumma al-Baià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ for hire purchase. Islamic Loan is using Base Financing Rate (BFR) while conventional loan package is used Base Lending Rate (BLR) in Malaysia. According to Bank Negara Malaysia, current Base Lending Rate and Base Financing Rate is 6.30 % effective from 13th July 2010 until now. The different between conventional loan package and Islamic loan is in an Islamic Financing transaction, a bank can buy the property from the seller in case of refinancing. Then, they will resell it to the seller plus profit while allowing the seller to pay for the purchase in installments. The reason Islamic banks use BFR is because Islamic banks are not lender as of other types of bank that offers t erm loan to consumer. Islamic banks only apply financing service to the borrowers because Islamic banks have rule to be followed which is the Syariah Law. Islamic banks apply the same as other banks which is the BLR but as for Islamic bank, they used BFR as their reference. The rate is mainly to check the market interest rate. Islamic loan nowadays is popular among loan borrowers. This is because numerous of commercial banks did apply this financing in their organization. For example, Maybank, CIMB Bank , etc. With this current financing, many loan borrowers attracted to this type of loan which does not affect their loan even the fluctuation of BLR but in Islamic financing is BFR. Bank officers will introduce this type of loan to loan borrowers and explain its advantages to the loan borrowers. This type of loan does not meant for Muslim only but now it is applicable to non-Muslim as well. When they attached to this type of loan, they are not affected by the fluctuation of BFR bec ause Islamic loan are on fixed rate basis. Based on Parasuraman etal. (1985), service quality has been identified as a critical success factors for organizations to build their competitive advantage and increase their competitiveness. The five dimension of SERQUAL instrument are as below: 1. Tangible 2. Reliability 3. Responsiveness 4. Assurance, 5. Empathy. Problem Statement Basically, there are research been done on Islamic Loan, nevertheless at most it focus on the attributes of Islamic Loan. There is lack of study on the service quality and customer satisfaction of existing Islamic financing borrowers. As the economy of Malaysia is recovering, the Malaysia citizen lifestyle is going uptrend. Everybody is effort to buy a property in the future, house for example. This will heighten the expectation and perceptions of customers, thus making Islamic financing service quality an increasingly important issue. So, understanding Islamic financing service quality issues for Islamic banks becomes crucial. Therefore, this study is expected to provide an insight of the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ experience on overall Islamic financing service quality. In this research, the quality dimensions regarding to Islamic financing service quality is determined to study the customer satisfaction in adopting the Islamic financing service. The problem statement has been developed. Research Objective The research objectives are as follows:- To identify the key dimensions of Islamic finance service quality. To explore the level of customer satisfaction on adopting Islamic finance. To measure the quality dimensions that influence customer satisfaction in the Islamic finance adoption context. Significance of study Until today, most studies that have been done previously are all emphasizing on the factors that influencing the Islamic banking adoption in developed countries as well as under developed countries also. In Malaysia, it is the same as above mentioned. However, there is rare research on the quality dimension and customer satisfaction on the Islamic financing. Therefore, this research is beneficial as it generates new knowledge regarding to the factors influence of overall service quality of the Islamic financing and its relationship with customer satisfaction on Islamic financing. The research findings will lead us to have more in-depth understand the customer perception and experience on Islamic financing service quality. In addition, there is also benefits to Islamic banks that could derived from this research is they are able to identify the important elements which could improve the Islamic financing service quality and which can later lead to customer satisfaction. Besides t hat, is also helps to promotion of Islamic financing because the customers are willing to promote the Islamic financing to their family, friends and relatives as well. Apart from the above mentioned, this research also provide the insight of customer satisfaction in service industry and apply it in the Islamic financing service. This is a extra benefits in doing this research. However, the only satisfaction is not sufficient but extra effort like create a good relationship with the customer is very essential in the business strategies which will generate more customer excitement. As we learn from the books, the cost of obtaining a new customer is much more higher than retaining the existing customer in the organizations. the Islamic banks could retain their existing customer from shifting to their competitors by having understanding of the customer satisfaction on the Islamic financing service quality. Moreover, the banks have their existing customers promoting their Islamic f inancing to the others. Besides the benefits of helping the banking industry to have broader customer base and bank customers experiencing quality service, this research is also expected to provide a fundamental concept for future research in this area by the other researchers. Scope of study This study is for the customers of the Islamic banks who are taking Islamic financing within Taiping. The study will focus on took before or existing customers who are taking Islamic financing. Those people who are under age are not included in this study. As an ethical and responsible researcher, the respondent personal details will not be disclosed to the third party except the people who are involved in conducting this study. Operational Definition In this study, there are a few factors that are influencing the service quality and the customer satisfaction of adopting Islamic financing. There are five dimensions in SERQUAL which have mentioned above. There are Tangible, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance and Empathy. Keywords Definition Sources Tangible The Appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, printed and visual materials. Parasuraman (1991) Reliability The ability of the Islamic banks to perform the promised service dependently and accurately. Zeithaml etal. (1990) Responsiveness Convenience, speed, and timeliness of service delivery to the customers. Johnston (1997) Assurance The safety of promises of the firms provides its customers. Parasuraman (1991) Empathy Caring, individualized attention the firms provides its customers. Parasuraman, Zeithaml Berry (1988) Organization Research The organization of this research is designed based on the following chapters to studying the effectiveness of the Islamic Loan which is the service quality that provided by the Islamic banks and the customer satisfaction of the Islamic banks. Chapter 1 normally is explains the introduction of the proposed study. Besides that, it also explains the problem statement of the research as well. The objective and background of the study are described in this chapter. Chapter 2 is explained about the literature review. The independent and dependent variables are also discussed in this chapter. In addition, the relationship between independent and dependent variables is also analyzed in this chapter. Chapter 3 is discussing the way to do conduct the research. Hypotheses and research framework would be developed. The sampling method, data collection and the data analysis method are explained in this chapter. Chapter 4 is described the research findings and discussion. In this ch apter, the results of the findings will be analyzed which include the demographic analysis of the respondents and the reliability. Besides that, the hypothesis would be tested out with certain measurement method. Chapter 5 is the conclusion and the recommendation of the research study which include the overall findings that derived from the analysis, and the suggestions for the Islamic banks to enhance their service quality on the Islamic loan. In addition, a recommendation for the future researchers to conduct a further study will also include in this chapter. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW In this chapter, the independent variables and dependent variables are both explained based on certain theories that fit to apply in this research. The dimensions of service quality in each of the independent variable are discussed in this chapter as well. After that, I will discuss the relationship between the independent variables and dependent variable in accordance with the literature reviewed. 2.1 Islamic Loan Islamic Loan is any form of financing made according to Islamic law, which forbids the payment or receipt of interest. An Islamic loan may be an interest-free loan, but often it is a more complex transaction. The technology can have a considerable impact on service delivery, hence avoiding the issue or problem pertinent in face to face settings (Dabholkar Bagozzi, 2002). According to Akinci et al. (2004), Islamic financing provides the option to offer convenient and economic service without reducing the quality of services to the customers. As in literature from Zineldin (2000), it indicates that it is difficult in developing a strong relationship with customers if the businesses fail to provide distribution channels that their modern customers value and demand. Though there is no direct interaction between the customer and the service provider, however, Zeithaml (2000) contends that each service element offered in electronic environment represents an opportunity for organizati on to reinforce its level of quality to the customers. He also further argues that organizations should emphasize on every encounter that may occur prior to, during, and after the loan transaction. The overall service quality can be improved after the organizations focus on developing efficient and effective upfront service (Driff Palmer, 1999). As a result, it may contribute to enhancing the image and reputation of the company which will further lead to increase the trust of customers. 2.2 Front Desk Customer Service Quality Customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceptions of service quality and their satisfaction are profoundly influenced by the service they encounter. This concept as described by Meuter et al. (2000) encompasses all aspects of services company with which the customer may interact, including its personnel, its physical facilities and other tangible elements during a period of time. Therefore in order to form a basis for the current study, service quality and customer satisfaction literature focused on interpersonal service encounter regarding to the matter of Islamic financing were reviewed. Service quality has been identified as a critical success for organizations to build their competitive advantage and increase their competitiveness. Service quality is an essential research topic in view of its significant relationship to cost, profitability, customer satisfaction, customer retention, service guarantee and competitive capabilities (Oliveira et al., 2002). Unlike the manufacturing produc t quality that can be easily assessed, service quality is kind of intangible and abstract things that can be very difficult in measuring it. As described in Parasuraman et al., (1985), the literature has proposed that service quality is determined by the discrepancy between customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectation and service providerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s performance and the service they received. Their studies have uncovered the key service quality attributes that significantly affect the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perception of overall service quality. A lot of studies have been done which focused on the dimensions of traditional service quality. Parasuraman et al. (1985) are regarded the best well known among the researchers in service quality. They have built a conceptual model of service quality that can well describe the source of quality problem. Their hard work led to a list of five determinants of service quality as a result of their focus group studies with service provid ers and customers. Namely, 1. reliability, 2. responsiveness, 3. empathy 4. tangible 5. assurance In their research, Parasuraman et al. (1991) developed the SERVQUAL instrument that included 22 item tool used to measure the service quality level by the gap which exist between customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and perceptions of the service received through the five dimensions. Customer satisfaction can be gained by the service quality provided by the business, while meeting the need and expectation of the customers is the key priority of businesses. The definition of customer perceptions of service quality is the belief of customers concerning to the received and experienced service (Yang et al., 2004). In the service industry, the goal of the service marketer is to close or narrow the gap between customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and perceptions. Although the SERVQUAL instrument has been applied to measure service quality in a variety of contexts, however, it has been criticized as it is just a generic tool and not appropriate to measure certain service quality in varied settings (Brown et al., 1993). The SERVQUAL might overlook the interaction between the reliability of Islamic financing and customer because Islamic financing were not existed when this instrument was developed in 1980s. However, the concept of Islamic financing service quality has emerged from this original service quality. Despite of Islamic financing has existed with the benefits it brings, there is still a quest of the low adopting rate or lake of retention of customer remain applying Islamic financing provided by particular bank. A major problem of Islamic financing is that banks are forgetting the traditional rules of business like listening to their customers and delivering the satisfaction that they are willing to pay for. Banks need to know who they are serving, what they need and their problems are, and what their financial priorities are Wee ldreyer (2002). Research has indicated that Islamic loan service quality is an important element in the success of Islamic financing (Akinci et al., 2004). Intuitively, in order to enhance a bankà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation, improve its customer retention, and attract new customers, banks should offer quality service to their customers. Therefore, based on the traditional dimensions of service quality, recent studies attempt to identify the dimensions of Islamic financing quality. Studies from Cronin and Taylor (1992) have indicated that high level of customer service quality can result in a positive influence on customer satisfaction. Traditionally, SERVQUAL (Parasuraman et al., 1988, 1991) has been used as a generic instrument for measuring service quality of service firms with modifications to suit individual needs. It has been widely used to assess the service quality of various service organizations including banks (Cowling Newman, 1995). For example, based on Cowling and Newman (1995), one bank found that among the 5 quality dimensions in SERVQUAL, the discrepancy between the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ expectations and their perceptions was the highest for responsiveness, empathy, and reliability and the lowest for tangibles. Business and academic researchers have been trying to conceptualize and measure electronic service quality, but the issue has not been examined as a whole. WebQual for example which was developed by Loiacono et al (2000) for rating website on 12 dimensions but the focuses on the operationalization are on the technical quality of website rather than on the service quality as experienced by customers through the website. In addition, Lassar et al. (2000) examined the effects of service quality on customer satisfaction in private banking by using the well known SERVQUAL and the functional-quality based model. They found that the functional-quality based model did a better job of predicting customer satisfaction than SERVQUAL ins trument for those customers actively involved or highly interested in service quality. Besides those, other attributes such as customer confidence, online resources and relationship service to evaluate online service quality were found in Cox and Daleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (2001) study. Santos (2003) uncovered communication, support, efficiency, security, reliability and incentive as dimensions of online service quality. According to a research done by Iraq Islamic financing users, White and Nteli (2004) found that assurance is the most important attribute among the users, followed by responsiveness of service delivery, ease of use, credibility of the bank and product variety. 2.3 Islamic Financing Information System Quality Other than front desk customer service quality, the Islamic loan information system quality can also affect the overall Islamic financing service quality. By dividing the financing service quality into 3 categories, therefore, some of the quality dimensions in online information system quality are overlapped and discussed above. Yang et al. (2004) explained that the primary goal of information system service is to ensure that the customers are able to function independently and to do numerous transactions on their own. Derived from the above literature, the current study defines Islamic information system quality as the extent to which the information system performs its intended function of enabling the customers to carry out transactions and information searches at nearby branches. In addition, the research regarding information system quality in an end-user computing environment may be regarded as a good reference for discussing the online system quality. The term end-user can be defined as a user that directly interacts with the application financing in order to source out the information or prepare output report (Doll Torkzadeh, 1988). Similarly as the situation can be applied to when a customer attached to Islamic financing, it can be considered as an information system, whereas the customer as an end-user of the information system. Therefore, the data processing is regarded as an important issue in an end-user environment where the users seldom have direct interaction with the operation staffs of the websites. In order to measure the end-user computing satisfaction, there were 5 quality dimensions proposed by Doll and Torkzadeh (1988) that affect the end-user satisfaction which are below, content; accuracy; format; ease of use; timeliness. Since the Web site functions as an information system, the organization and structure of Islamic financing should be easy to follow and navigate. The sequencing, placement and naming of hy perlinks and navigational menus should be based on customer intuition. A well-designed navigational structure can facilitate consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perceptions of bank control and enjoyment (Jun Yang, 2004). Besides, according to Goldfinger (2001), assurance was seen as a major obstacle to Islamic financing. Assurance issues have been identified as significant determinants of Islamic financing quality as proposed by Jun and Cai (2001). Banks were concerned about unauthorized access to their systems, and customers were concerned with the safety of their personal data and the risk of fraudulent transactions. Thus the bank information system assurance could be an important quality dimension in system quality as well. While other (Jayawardhena Foley, 2000) suggested following 5 critical features of Islamic financing websites to enhance customer satisfaction. There are:- design; content; interactively; navigation; security. 2.4 Islamic Loan Service Quality Besides the review of literatures regarding to front desk customer service quality and Islamic financing information system quality that contribute to the study of Islamic financing service quality, another category of which is Islamic loan service product quality. Previous researchers have found that banking service product quality has an important role in determining banking customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perception of the overall banking service quality. According to Yang et al. (2004), we can define banking service product quality as the number and relevance of the islamic financing product and services to customers. From the bank product quality perspective, it is mainly associated with diverse features and product variety. Strieter et al. (1999) depicted that the increased emphasis on marketing a variety of financial services is one of the most development in banking. The same could apply to the base of banking service as Dixon (1999) also argued that the main reason to ge tting more customers attached to islamic loan is not the attraction of the financing itself but the services and products provided and available to the customers. Latimore et al. (2000) supported the argument. It should be noted that with the advent of the internet technology, the present banking customers can have unlimited access to financial information and enjoy a wider range of options in selecting the financial institutions and competitive products than ever before. Therefore, the subtle differentiation in quality level of bank products and their timely introduction into the marketplace have become a vital driving force to attract new customers and enhancing customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction (Mols, 2000). 2.5 Overall Islamic Financing Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction For banks to retain and expand the customer base, it is crucial for banks to understand the criteria the customers use to evaluate Islamic financing service and how these can influence the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ perception of overall Islamic financing service quality and satisfaction with the service and banking overall. As such, it leads to the relationship between service quality and satisfaction. There are a number of studies that have empirically and theoretically investigated the relationship between service quality and satisfaction in the context of traditional banking service (Sureshchandar et al., 2002). Customer satisfaction towards the products and services offered by organization is often perceived as the determinant to an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s long-term competitiveness and success and that is highly related to the service quality (Taylor Baker, 1994). The satisfaction of customer is influenced by two factors which are experience and expectation with t he service performance (Yi, 1900). As a result, we can say that the quality dimensions discussed in previous sections could be regarded as the criteria that customers expected and customers evaluating those criteria after the service they received, hence the customer satisfaction towards the expectation of those quality dimensions and real experience by adopting the Islamic financing create the sense of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. In literature of satisfaction and dissatisfaction, disconfirmation has been given attention where it refers to the gap between expectation before purchase and perception of after purchase (Peter Olson, 1990). There are two types of disconfirmation which is positive and negative disconfirmation. Positive disconfirmation occurs when product performance is better than expected, thus it is more likely lead to satisfaction, and the negative disconfirmation occurs when product performance is less than expected, which is more likely to be dissatisfie d. Another explanation by McQuitty et al., (2000), that consumer satisfaction is the result of an evaluative process that compares expectation of prepurchase and perceptions of the performance during and after the consumption experience. If the dissatisfaction gap between their expectations and actual experience is wide, customers are likely never returned to the organization or in worst case as to communicate negative word-of-mouth (Blodgett Wakefield, 1995). These are the reasons that service companies nowadays are aiming for customer satisfaction by providing quality service to customers in order to increase customer satisfaction which leads to favorable word-of-mouth, customer retention and customer loyalty (Newman, 2001). In fact, few studies have examined the relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction in a context of Islamic financing. Al Hawari and Ward (2006) showed that service quality affects customer satisfaction and then bank profitability. Beside s, service quality has also been related to customer satisfaction and customer behavioral intentions. Satisfaction often acts as a mediating role between customer perceptions of service quality and the creation of behavioral intentions (Cronin, Brady Hult, 2000). And those intentions can be measured by word-of-mouth, repurchase intention, loyalty, price sensitivity and complaining behavior (Zeithaml et al., 1996.). 2.6 Customer Satisfaction vs. Customer Delight Academic and practitioners have recognized that merely satisfying the customer is not sufficient to create exceptional behavioral consequences such as positive word-of-mouth and loyalty (Oliver, Rust, Varki, 1997). Recently, the customer delight that goes beyond the satisfaction has given more attention in the service industry research field (Berman, 2005). As distinct to satisfaction, (Berman, 2005) depicted that customer delight is defined as positive response to surprising product attributes or services encounter. It is also argued that only service and product that fall outside the zone of tolerance and exceed the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations lead to loyalty-driven profit. However, outrage and pain can result when a customer encounters unanticipated poor service, and dissatisfaction occurs when the service could not meet the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expectations. When expectation of customer are met or exceeded, the customer will feel satisfied and have a mod erately high repeat intent. While delight is the mixture of surprise and happiness when one exceeds customer expectations on main criteria that create memorable and emotional responses that more strongly drive overall satisfaction and repeat purchase intention (Berman, 2005). As argued by Berman (2005), not all product and service attributes are able to result in customer delight. Product or service attributes that enhance utility beyond that which is expected and leads to surprising pleasant are often called excitement factors. For example, hospitality service context, a highly level of novelty and entertainment in a resort or exceptionally good service in a restaurant can be such excitement attributes. They differ to such as the cleanliness of a room or freshness of the food in a restaurant which are considered a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mustà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? for customer and this example of basic requirements are not able to elicit satisfaction but merely prevent dissatisfaction. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the research process will be discussed. This chapter will cover the scope of research firstly, following by the research design. Thirdly, theoretical framework will be discussed and the hypothesis will be developed for the variables. After that, the questionnaire for the research will be designed. Besides that, this chapter also explains the sampling design and techniques. Data collection techniques and data analysis measurement will also discuss in this chapter. 3.1 Scope of Study This study intends to evaluate the effectiveness of Islamic loan among consumer within Malaysia towards the service quality provided by Islamic banks. From the findings of the study, we expect that the factors that contribute to the effectiveness of Islamic Loan after experiencing the service provided by Islamic banks can be identified. The respondents of this study are the consumer in Taiping, Perak. The dependent variable in this study is the effectiveness of Islamic Loan among consumer within Malaysia towards Islamic banks while the independent variables are tangible, realibility, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. 3.2 Research Design According to Sekaran (2003), a research is always start with developing the theoretical framework by identifying the variables, then only design the research procedure for the data is able to collected and analyzed. Research design is a blueprint or framework for conducting the project of marketing research according to Malholtra (2004). It identifies the way for collecting the data which is needed and resolved the marketing research problems. It is consider as a foundation of a researcher to conduct a project. Moreover, a well research design will result the marketing research project which is conducted become effectively and efficiently. The descriptive study will be used as research design in this study. This is because the research problem and the variables which are related to the research problem will have a better description in the study. According to Sekaran 2003, a descriptive study is able to describe the characteristics of the variables of interest in a situation. Ba sed on this descriptive study, the independent variables of this study which have been described above after reviewed from the literature will have a better explain towards the dependent variable of this study. 3.3 Theoretical Framework After the review of literatures, the reliable variables to be study are identified. For developing in-depth understanding of effectiveness of Islamic loan among consumers within Malaysia, a research framework (Figure 1) is built up based on previous related research. Tangible Reliability Customer satisfaction on adopting Islamic Loan Responsiveness Assurance Empathy Independent Variables Dependent Variable 3.4 Hypothesis Development Due to the constraints of real-life evaluation in the current study, the service quality dimension had to be simplified and adjusted for survey. Thus, not all of the dimensions that discussed in literature review are included in this hypothesis testing. 3.4.1 Tangible As described earlier, tangible is the appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel, printed and visual materials (Parasuraman, 1991). Intuitively, the valuable information of Islamic financing and the physical facilities in the bank that provided by Islamic banks will leads to customer satisfaction. H1: Tangible is positively affecting customer satisfaction towards adopting Islamic financing. 3.4.2 Reliability As referred to Zeithaml et al. (1990), reliability in banking industry is referred to the ability of the Islamic bank to perform the promised service dependently and accurately. When the customers are adopting with the Islamic Financing, the problem or issue arisen will need to be resolve by the Islamic banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ staffs. H2: Reliability is positively affecting customer satisfaction towards adopting Islamic financing. 3.4.3 Responsiveness Responsiveness as one of the service quality dimensions can be refers to the reaction time of the service. The reaction time of service that reflecting the responsiveness can be as a result of convenience, speed, and timeliness of service delivery. (Zeithaml et al. 1990) Intuitively, the responsiveness is also a service quality dimensions for Islamic financing area. The customers expect the Islamic banking staffs provide a convenience, speed and timeliness of service delivery for them to avoid wasting their time to the Islamic financing procedures. H3: Responsiveness is positively affecting customer satisfaction towards adopting Islamic financing. 3.4.4 Assurance According to Zeithaml et al. (1990), Assurance is the knowledge and courtesy of the Islamic banksà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ staffs and their ability to convey trust and confidence towards the customers. Customers are very concern with the safety of their personal data and the risk of fraudulent transactions. H4: Assurance is positively affecting customer satisfaction towards adopting Islamic financing. 3.4.5 Empathy A story of Zappoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s show online store, famous for its customer service, described an employee who not only refunded an order for a recently deceased customer when requested by a family member, but went on to send flowers for the funeral. Instead of maintaining a transactional relationship with customers, empathy means never forgetting to have concern to customers even in their lives aspects. (Articlebase, 2009) Intuitively, it applies to Islamic financing area which is a type of service, and customer expect the banking staffs provide caring and understand their needs in Islamic financing and any other fulfillment of humanity for example. H5: Empathy is positively affecting customer satisfaction towards adopting Islamic financing. 3.5 Questionnaire Design Questionnaire design is an integral part of a research project. A good questionnaire design enables the researcher to collect the data which is related to the purpose study. Besides that, a questionnaire design divide into 2 types of question which is open-ended questionnaire and close-ended questionnaire. In this study, all questions are close-ended, because it will help to enable the quantitative analysis to generate result from the findings. Besides that, a closed-ended questionnaire can produce the data in more objective opinion rather than subjective and it can obtain the data in quick by distributed to many respondents at the same time. Moreover, in the questionnaire of this study, it will have a statement which is explains the purpose of this study and the collected data will only being used for academic purposes. Apart from that, the questionnaire workability will be enhanced by review to the published related journals. The language used in the questionnaire is English. Furthermore, the questionnaire consists of 2 sections. The first section will be the respondentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s demographic data which is used for the classification. Second section will measure the quality of the independent variable towards the effectiveness of the Islamic loan. 3.6 Sampling Design and Techniques As referred to Sekaran 2003, sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements from the population. The sample will represent the population elements and provide an understanding of the population elements characteristic. 3.6.1 Sample Unit As we learn from the research book, population refers to the entire group of peoples, events or things of interest that researchers wishes to investigate. The populations of this study consist of all the consumer in Taiping, Perak. In addition, the sampling units would be citizens who are taking Islamic loan now or before in Taiping. 3.6.2 Sample Size The size of sample size of a research is very important, because an appropriate sample size will ensure representativeness of the study and enough cases to run the multivariate analysis, such as pearson correlation analysis. In this study, a sample size of 200 will be selected as the respondents and multiple linear regressions analysis will be used. 3.6.3 Sampling Technique The sampling technique of this study is by means of a convenience sampling to study the effectiveness of Islamic loan. The respondents of this study are randomly selected according to their availability. Besides that, this sampling method is able to collect the data from diverse citizens in Taiping instead of just focus on a particular bank of consumers. This helps to increase the generalization of result to the entire Taiping citizens. 3.7 Data Collection Techniques In a good research design, data collection techniques are also play an important role of it. There are 2 types of data collections method which are qualitative and quantitative method. Quantitative method will be used as a data collection mean in this study. As referred to Sekaran (2003), quantitative data refers to information gathered in the narrative form through interview and questionnaire. 3.7.1 Primary Data Primary data is data gathered for research from the actual site of occurrence of events or simply called firsthand data. For this study, the primary data will be form distribution of questionnaire. A questionnaire was used as the main form of data collection in this study. The details of the primary data collection by using questionnaire have been discussed in questionnaire design above. 3.7.2 Secondary Data Secondary data is the data collected through such existing sources. Secondary data are the data collected and recorded by someone else to the needs of the researcher. It can be articles, books, journals, newspaper and online sources to enhance the knowledge in the issue of the topic. The benefit of seeking secondary data sources is time saving and cost efficiency. However, secondary data as the sole source of information has the disadvantages of becoming obsolete, and not meeting the specific needs of the particular situation or setting. Hence, it is important to refer to sources of information that are up-to-date. In this study, the most used secondary data are the online sources and journals. In addition, secondary data helps the researcher to reach the idea of doing the research in preliminary stage. 3.8 Data Analysis and Measurement 3.8.1 Data Measurement Scale According to the social sciences, scaling is the process of measuring or ordering entities with respect to quantitative attributes or traits. For example, a scaling technique might involve estimating individualsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ levels of extraversion, or the perceived quality of products. The techniques of scaling used are necessary study to obtain the behavior responses or preferred choices of subjects towards objects, events or persons. In this study, the questionnaire is designed in 2 types of rating scale which are the category scale and likert scale. 3.8.1.1 Category scale This scale presents a sequence of numbers or words which only serve to identify certain entities or observation and have no quantitative significance. It helps to elicit a single response and assign subjects to certain categories or groups. Thus, the category scale is normally generating to obtain the demographic data of respondents. As a result, it can help to calculate the frequency or percentage. 3.8.1.2 Likert Scale. Likert scale is constructed to examine how strongly the respondents agree or disagree with the particular statements on the scale from 1 to 7. However, in this study, only scale from 1 to 5 is used. For example: Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 1 2 3 4 5 3.8.2 Data Analysis The data collected are then processed by using the Statistical package of Social Science (SPSS) software. The function of SPSS is to assist researcher to analyze the result of the questionnaire and then to be interpreted in the finding section. Several analysis methods will be applied are descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, distribution analysis, Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression. 3.8.2.1 Descriptive Statistics A descriptive statistics is a statistics that describes the phenomenon of interest. It is used when the researcher is interested to know what is the average score when a set of figures are involved as well as extend of variability in the set. For example, frequency analysis will be conduct by determine the demographic characteristic of the respondents towards the dimensions of service quality provided the Islamic banks. 3.8.2.2 Reliability Analysis (Cronbachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Alpha) The reliability of measure is established by testing for both consistency and stability. It is used to measures the consistency of the questionnaires for each variable. Consistency indicates how well the items measuring a concept hang together as a set. Cronbachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Alpha is a reliability coefficient that indicates how well the items in a set are positively correlated to one another. Cronbachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s alpha is computed in items of the average intercorrelations among the items measuring the concept. The closer Cronbachsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ alpha is to 1, the higher the internal consistency reliability. 3.8.2.3 Pearson Correlation Analysis The Pearson correlation analysis helps to evaluate the correlation between the independent variables and dependent variables in this study whether it has significance, negatively correlated or positively correlated relationship. 3.8.3.4 Multiple Regression Analysis It is a powerful and flexible procedure for analyzing associative relationships between a metric dependent variable and one or more independent variables. It is also to determine whether the independent variables explain a significant variation in the dependent variable: whether a relationship exists and set the mathematical equation relationship relating the independent and dependent variables. 3.9 Pilot Test When the survey questionnaire was drafted, there were many assumptions and pre-judgments about what respondents were both able and willing to do. Accordingly, there was a need to pilot-test the questions with non-target respondents to gain objective views. Pilot-testing a questionnaire can help to guard against faulty assumptions and detect mistakes in the questionnaire and identify and correct potential impediments before the survey instrument is used for collecting data of value.